The virus particle, called dane particle, consists of an outer lipid envelope and an icosahedral nucleocapsid core composed of protein. Hepatitis e virus hev infection is an important public. Table of contents hepatitis research and treatment hindawi. The nomenclature of hepatitis e virus hev subtypes is inconsistent and makes comparison of different studies problematic. Hepatitis e affects young adults, similar to hepatitis a, and has a selflimiting course. Hepatitis e is an acute or chronic infection with the hepatitis e virus hev. It cannot be used to get treatment or infection history for individuals, or to request information on programs and services.
Prevalence and transmission of hepatitis e virus in domestic swine populations in different european countries. Mortality rates in infected pregnant women can reach up to 25% during hepatitis e outbreaks in these countries. Hepatitis e virus in pork food chain, united kingdom, 20092010. Taxonomic classification of hepatitis a virus springerlink. Hepatitis e has many similarities with hepatitis a. Hepatitis e is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis e virus hev. Hepatitis e is an enterically transmitted infection that is typically selflimited. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection.
Although not very common in our clinical practice, the incidence in western countries is increasing. We are committed to sharing findings related to covid19 as quickly and safely as possible. Extrahepatic manifestations of guillainbarre syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy, glomerulonephritis and pancreatitis. Hepatitis e is an underdiagnosed disease, in part due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity. This phase iii trial demonstrated high rates of early virologic response in patients who were coinfected with hepatitis c hcv.
Understanding hev epidemiology in africa will expedite the implementation of evidencebased control policies aimed at preventing the spread of hev including policies for the use of available resources such as hev. Neuralgic amyotrophy and hepatitis e virus infection. Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis e virus subtypes. Ictv 8th report international committee on taxonomy of. Hepatitis e virus hev causes large outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute hepatitis, and an estimated onethird of the worlds population has been infected with hev.
Hepatitis e is an acute human liver disease in healthy individuals which may eventually become chronic. Viruses free fulltext hepatitis e pathogenesis html. Hepatitis e can also cause fetal complications, especially in the third trimester. Several reservoirs and transmission modes have been identified. It is caused by the hepatitis e virus hev and can have a zoonotic origin. In 1997, meng and collaborators identified a new swine virus showing high genetic similarities with a strain of human hepatitis e virus i. Chronic hev infections may also occur in immunocompromised patients. Hev itself is an rna virus, with eight described genotypes hev 18, four of which more commonly affect. Hepatitis e virus hev, the etiological agent is the sole member of family hepeviridae. Hepatitis e virus an overview sciencedirect topics. The criteria for subtype assignment vary between different genotypes and methodologies, and so a conservative pragmatic approach has been favoured. International committee on taxonomy of viruses ictv. Hepatitis e is the fifth known form of human viral hepatitis.
Hev is a member of the hepeviridae family in the genus orthohepevirus meng, 20. Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses editors andrew m. Until recently, cases of hev in industrialized countries were associated with travel to those areas. Hepatitis e hev was initially identified in the late 1970s as an epidemic non. Learn how to care for your liver, an organ crucial to your bodys healthy functioning. In retrospect, the earliest known epidemic of hepatitis e occurred in 1955 in new delhi, but the virus was not isolated until 1983. In the last decade, locally acquired cases of hev have increased in the european union, leading to the investigation of potential foodborne transmission of the virus. Patients with nonfatal cases of hepatitis e have a complete recovery without chronic sequelae. Indigenous hepatitis e in england and wales from 2003 to 2012. It includes the genera piscihepevirus, whose members infect fish, and orthohepevirus, whose members infect mammals and birds.
Worldwide, the estimated annual incidence of hev infection is 20 million, resulting in around 56 600. Mortality rates in the general endemic population range between 0. Although rare in developed countries, locally acquired hev infection can result in acute hepatitis with tendency to progress to chronic hepatitis mainly among solid organ. Hepatitis e prevalence in french polynesian blood donors.
The family hepeviridae includes enterically transmitted small nonenveloped positivesense rna viruses. Teshale, saleem kamili, in principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases fourth edition, 2012. Mar, 2019 hepatitis e is an enterically transmitted infection that is typically selflimited. We have provided a table of proposed complete genome reference sequences for each subtype. Nona, nonb hepatitis accounts for 2030% of the cases of clinical hepatitis in the western world. It is transmitted from ingestion of fecal matter, even in microscopic amounts, and is usually associated with.
In retrospect, the earliest known epidemic of hepatitis e occurred in 1955 in new delhi, but the virus was not isolated until 1983, by russian scientists investigating an outbreak in. There are at least four distinct genetic groups designated genotypes 14 of hepatitis e virus orthohepevirus a. It is distributed worldwide and has been responsible for outbreaks in developing countries and sporadic cases in both developing and developed countries. Hepatitis e has mainly a fecaloral transmission route that is similar to hepatitis a, but the viruses are unrelated. Hepatitis e virus hev is the causative viral pathogen of hepatitis e, originally considered a selflimiting disease occurring only in developing countries with poor sanitary conditions. Hev has been detected in environmental samples in several countries from europe and asia, constituting a risk factor for waterborne infection. Hepatitis e virus and related viruses in animals thiry. This web page maintains a regularly updated list of confirmed hepatitis c virus hcv genotype and subtype assignments table 1 and alignments in fasta and sse formats this maintained resource is designed to assist researchers investigating the diversity of hcv in designating appropriate assignments for new sequences and maintaining. The virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout.
Apr 27, 2015 hepatitis e is an acute human liver disease in healthy individuals which may eventually become chronic. Infection with the hepatitis e virus hev may be related to acute illness, liver failure, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Eighth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Hepatitis b virus hbv is a common worldwide bloodborne pathogen.
Recently, a working group recommended that hepatitis a virus hav be reclassified within a new genus hepatovirus of the family picornaviridae. Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attributionsharealike 4. Hepatitis e virus hev is endemic in areas with poor sanitation and has traditionally been classified as a waterborne virus. Drug combo does well in early tests for hepatitis c and hiv. Four genotypes of hev are endemic in different regions in the world infecting humans only hev1 and hev2 or both humans and animal species hev3 and hev4. In communities where food and sanitation services are not optimal, hepatitis a and e tend to be more common. In the various seroprevalence studies of hepatitis e in brazil, the numbers reported vary widely and are difficult to interpret. There are many types of hepatitis, and some can cause liver damage.
Hepatitis e is a disease of mild to moderate severity mortality rate of 0. Hepatitis e is a selflimited disease that does not result in chronic infection. New hepatitis b and c infections are seen more often in recipients of organs, blood, and tissue, along with persons working or receiving care in health settings, and in vulnerable groups. Properties which distinguish the hepatoviruses from other picornaviruses include hepatotropism, a tendency to establish persistent infections in cell cultures, an exceptional stability to acid and heat, and a monotypic antigenic structure. Hepatitis e virus hev is a member of the hepeviridae family. Hepeviridae, ictv, taxonomy, hepatitis e virus, swine hepatitis e virus, avian hepatitis e virus, piscihepevirus virion the virions of human hepatitis e virus are icosahedral, nonenveloped, spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 2734 nm table 1, fig. However, diagnostic tools, including nucleic acidbased. Hepatitis e virus hev infection is a newly recognized serious threat to global public health and africa is suspected to be among the most severely affected regions in the world. Transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis e. An improved understanding of the natural history of hev infection has been achieved within the last decade. Hepatitis e virus hev is the etiological agent of acute hepatitis e, an infection considered to be endemic in many developing countries in africa and asia.
Hepatitis b virus hbv, is a partially doublestranded dna virus, a species of the genus orthohepadnavirus and a member of the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. Facts about hepatitis e european centre for disease. Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis e virus. Seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in autoimmune hepatitis patients in the netherlands. Hepatitis e virus hev is one of the main causes of acute viral hepatitis of enteric transmission. Hepatitis e virus orthohepevirus a is the cause of outbreaks and individual instances of acute, sometimes fatal hepatitis in humans worldwide. The hev genome is formed by a nonsegmented positivesense rna chain.
This infographic about hepatitis b virus explores its replication cycle, natural history of infection and pathogenesis, and how this can be controlled and treated. Post office box 149347, mc 1873 austin, texas 78714. It is the most or second most common cause of acute viral hepatitis among adults throughout much of asia, the middle east, and africa 24 although the true burden of hev infection remains unknown. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted articles related to covid19. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does. Email data requests to hivstd program this email can be used to request data and statistics on hiv, tb, and stds in texas.
Hepatitis e questions and answers for health professionals. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral dna which is a partially double stranded circular dna of approximately 3200 base pairs encodes four overlapping open reading frames. The genus orthohepevirus is divided into 4 species, orthohepevirus ad, of which orthohepevirus a includes hevs infecting humans meng, 20. Hepatitis e questions and answers for health professionals cdc. The search box below will search for taxon names across the current or all taxonomy releases. The association between an exposure to hepatitis e and the consumption of cooked rabbit agrees well with the identified causative agents of hepatitis in humans, 14. Hepatitis e was identified as an epidemic of nona, nonb hepatitis from kashmir, india in 1978. Members of the genus orthohepevirus include hepatitis e virus, which is responsible for selflimiting acute hepatitis in humans and several mammalian species. Chronic hepatitis b can progress to an inactive carrier state, and then, in some patients, give rise to cirrhosis and cancer of the liver, leading to death. Hepatitis e information division of viral hepatitis cdc. Simmons p, holmes ec, cha ta, chan sw, mcomish f, irvine b, beall e, yap pl, kolberg j, urdea ms to be published classification of hepatitis c virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the ns5 region. In the late 1990s, hepatitis e was recognized to be a zoonotic disease and swine was found.
Hev infection usually results in a selflimited, acute illness. Although most hepatitis e virus hev infections are asymptomatic, some can be severe, causing fulminant hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations, including neurological and kidney injuries. Neuralgic amyotrophy na is an acute monophasic brachial plexus disorder of unknown cause. While rare in the united states, hepatitis e is common in many parts of the world. The host range and animal reservoirs of hev are rapidly expanding and a plethora of emerging hev variants have been recently identified, some of which have the potential for interspecies infection. In colombia, hev has been identified in samples obtained from patients as well as from swine, but no environmental studies have been carried out. Hepatitis e virus hev, the pathogen causing acute hepatitis e, is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide 1. Some of these are highlighted in the report showing some species that were awaiting formal approval but some other changes are not otherwise documented. Hepatitis e virus hev is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has received an increasing amount of attention from virologists, clinicians, veterinarians, and epidemiologists over the past decade. Hepatitis e is an important medical pathogen in many developing countries but is rarely reported from the united states, although antibody to hepatitis e virus antihev is found in 1% of u.
In acute infection, some may develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. The hepatitis e virus hev, the causative agent of hepatitis e, is a nonenveloped rna virus. Hepatitis e virus hev, the major etiologic agent of enterically transmitted nona hepatitis worldwide, is a spherical, nonenveloped, singlestranded, positive sense rna virus that is approximately 32 to 34 nm in diameter. Hepatitis e is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis e virus hev. In europe, most of the infections are locallyacquired and asymptomatic. The hepatitis e virus hev is the causative agent of hepatitis e. Hepatitis e is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus hev. The pathogenesis of na is assumed to be multifactorial, with a significant proportion of the patients reporting a preceding infection that might have triggered symptoms. Hepatitis b is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv that affects the liver. Acute infections cause a selflimiting hepatitis, but can become chronic in immunocompromised patients with the risk of the development of severe liver cirrhosis. It is of the species orthohepevirus a the global burden of infections from the two major genotypes 1 and 2 is estimated at 20 million per year, leading to 70,000 deaths and 3,000 stillbirths.
The hepatitis e virus hev is the major cause of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis e virus hev infection is a worldwide disease. This journal publishes articles in all fields and areas of hepatology and liver diseases that considers articles concerned with any aspect of viral hepatitis such as alcoholic hepatitis, chronic hepatitis. Woo, state key laboratory of emerging infectious diseases, department of microbiology, the university of hong kong, university pathology building, queen mary hospital, hong kong. Hepatitis e is thought to be caused by a 32 nm icosahedral. Hepatitis b virus is a member of the hepadnavirus family. Hepatitis a is a common viral illness worldwide, although the inci dence in the united states has diminished in recent years as a result of extended immunization practices. While genotypes 1 and 2 cause epidemic hepatitis and are transmitted via water and the fecaloral route, genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. First evidence of the hepatitis e virus in environmental. This finding suggested the potential involvement of swine hepatitis e virus hev strains in sporadic human cases and it has now been proven that swine hev is a zoonotic agent. Virus taxonomy in the age of metagenomics in the past, the approval of a new species by the ictv was typically dependent on the availability of data that demonstrate the distinct biological.